Corporation Rules and Regulations free essay sample

The gathering had been at risk for 70% of Australian asbestos utilization. In any case, in February 2007, ASIC had begun to force common procedures against James Hardie, the chiefs and the officials, as ASIC claimed that JHIL and both official and non-official had penetrated their legal obligation. This short exploration report had sketched out the job of ASIC and different punishment that ASIC can force under Corporation Act 2001. Other than that, we will likewise examine the position that ASIC had held from 2004 until current date corresponding to the executives of Hardie gathering. Finally, I had given a rundown of the ASIC’s media discharge that had been set up on 13 May 2011, and indentified the component that ASIC is trusting the High Court to maintain. The Role of ASIC: The Australian Security and Investment Commission (ASIC) is a ward legal company that set up by Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act, and it is a controller which accountable for observing the Australia’s Corporation, items, markets and money related administrations (Lipton, Herzberg and Welsh 2012, p. 736). Then again, ASIC is likewise a ward authority that is answerable for administering the Corporation Act. ASIC Act gave that ASIC claimed such powers and capacity that enriched by the enterprise enactment to ASIC. Consequently, what precisely is the company enactment implies? Under Section 5(1), they had deciphered the term ‘corporation legislation’ to mean the ASIC Act and the Corporation Act (Baxt, Finnane and Harris 2012). Other than that, ASIC additionally claimed the ability to start indictment for criminal offenses or apply for common punishment orders in the event that they accepted that there’s a contradiction of the law. ASIC is additionally ready to restrict a chief from dealing with an organization for a specific period on the off chance that they contradicted their general obligations. For example, on account of ASIC v Stephen William Vizard [2005], the court held that as an executive of Telstra, Mr. Vizard has negated the Corporation Act: Section 183, the obligation of executive to utilize the data in an ill-advised reason, and increase advantage for himself, in this manner, the court request monetary punishments and an exclusion request against Mr. Vizard (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2012). Because of that, ASIC really assumed a noteworthy job according to start indictment against organizations executives for offense so as to guarantee partnership and those related gatherings are followed the enterprise enactment. Presently, let us take a gander at the obligations of a corporation’s chiefs under Corporation Act and what punishment can ASIC can forced if the executives don't consent to the Corporation Act. The obligations of a company’s executive: The term ‘director’ is an individual who is selected to oversee control or administer the issues of a partnership. Under Section 9 definitions, the term executives reach out to an individual who isn't officially named as a chief, however they go about as a chief or whose guidance or whishes are followed generally (Baxt, Finnane and Harris 2012). In section 2D. 1 of the Corporation Act, from Section 180 until Section 184, it committed that the guideline obligations of an executive. They can be recorded as followed: †¢Section 180 expressed that a chief or other official of an enterprise must exercise their capacity and release the obligations in a way with care and constancy (Mclnnes Wilson Lawyers 2011). Segment 181 proclaimed that, an executive should practice their capacity and release their obligations in accordance with some basic honesty where it’s to the greatest advantage of the partnership and for a legitimate reason (Mclnnes Wilson Lawyers 2011). †¢Section 182 expressed that, a chief must not inappropriately utilize their situation to get a bit of leeway for themselves or other or cause sore to the organization. (Armstrong Lawyers 2007). Having comprehended the general obligations of a company’s chief, we would now be able to take a gander at the punishments that ASIC could force if the executives had penetrate their obligation or don't conform to the Corporation Act 2001. The punishments: As we referenced previously, the Australian Securities and Investment (ASIC) is a national body that’s dependable to administer the partnership enactment and protections guideline in Australia. ASIC got the ability to examine likely repudiation of the organization law and noteworthy punishments can be forced on the executives who had neglected to play out their obligations. The segment of the Corporation Act drawing in common punishments under Section 1317J (1), ASIC can apply to the court for a: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœDeclaration of contravention’ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœPecuniary punishments ‘ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœCompensation order’ (Baxt, Finnane and Harris 2012) 1)Pecuniary punishment request: The court may arrange a monetary punishment of up to $200,000 to a chief who penetrates his obligation under Corporation Act. When the assertion of a repudiation by the individual had been made (Section 1317E), and the contradiction is an enterprise punishment (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2012). (2)Compensation request: Under Section 1317H, the court may arrange an individual to remunerate the organization where misfortune is endured in light of the fact that the individual had repudiated an enterprise common punishment arrangement (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2012). (3)Disqualification from dealing with an organization: The Corporation Act Section 206C gave ASIC the ability to exclude the chiefs from dealing with an organization for a specific timeframes because of the contradiction of their general obligations (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2012). This idea can be shown by the accompanying case: ASIC v Vines [2006], it had been discovered that Mr. Vines had penetrated his obligation of care and industriousness by deluding and an insufficient exposure of material data to the governing body and inability to guarantee the announcement was mistaken. The board was depending on Mr. Vines to make total exposure to every material issue. The court held that, as the executive had penetrate their obligations of care and determination b giving issue explanation, in this way, he had break common punishment arrangements. The court concluded that, Mr. Vines should get a 3 years exclusion, take care of a financial punishment of $100,000 and 22% of the ASIC cost (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2012). ASIC’s position that held from 2004-2012: The situation of ASIC held from 2004-2012 comparable to the chiefs of James Hardie case had not modified. For what reason would I say that? The following is the subtleties of ASIC’s position according to the chiefs of James Hardie: On he 27th February 2004, the NSW government had approved Mr. David Jackson to lead a unique commission of Inquiry into James Hardie recently established establishment Medical Research and Compensation Foundation (Australian Council of Trade Union 2007). From the start case, it had been discovered that, the establishment was in actuality had an about 1. 5 billion of shortage, and a media discharge saying that the MRCF is ‘fully founded’ to meet all the current and future asbestos cases to the Australia Securities Exchange through the endorsement of the board executives during the chiefs meeting. Along these lines, ASIC had claimed that JHIL had offered a deceptive and tricky expression. Because of that, it had raised a rule issue for the directorate of JHIL, regardless of whether they had purposely casted a ballot for discharging the ‘misleading’ declaration to ASX (Alcorn 2011). What's more, the sub gives that had been raised are under Section 180(1), was a general guidance can be treated as an official? The Original Decision: In April 2009, ASIC held that the entirety of the official, non-official and friends official had penetrated their obligation of care by supporting the media explanation to be made in ASX. In especially, ASIC had affirmed that, the organization CEO and friends secretary or general direction, Mr. Macdonald and Mr. Shafron had penetrated the director’s obligation of care and steadiness under Section 180(1) as they had neglected to counsel the board to reveal the DOCI data to ASX (Hargovan 2009). In this manner the court had forced punishments on them two: †¢Mr. Macdonald was precluded from dealing with an organization for a long time and a financial punishment of $350,000. As per the Corporation Act 2001, Section 180(1), an official acquire the force in dynamic which influenced the entire or generous piece of a business, in this way, Mr, Shafron had a positive commitment to inform the board concerning the revelation of DOCI. In connection, he was provided an exclusion request for a long time and a financial punishment of $75,000 (Baxt, Finnane and Harris 2012). †¢Mr. Morley had been restricted from the administration for a long time and took care of a monetary punishment of $35,000. †¢However, the entirety of the seven previous non-administrators executives were precluded from the board for a long time each and a financial punishment of $30,000. The Appeal: In December 2010, the NSW court of Appeal upset the finding corresponding to liabilities and punishments of the non-officials chiefs, the CFO and secretary general advice of James Hardie Industries Ltd as ASIC had neglected to demonstrate that the ASX media explanation was affirmed by the board, and as the investigative court had set up that a portion of the executives had acted genuinely with no expectation to pick up profit by themselves, which is under Section 1317 of the Corporation Act 2001 (Hargovan 2011). In this way, revision had been made comparable to diminish the liabilities and punishment of the executives and official can be found in later segment (outline of media discharge). By and by, it’s important that Mr. Shafron, Mr. Morley and ASIC had filled application for unique leave to claim the choice of the Court of Appeal. In May 2011, ASIC had given media discharge that expressed that they had conceded an exceptional leave to bid the James Hardie choice. ASIC didn’t change their situation corresponding to the chiefs of James Hardie and they are stil

buy custom Career Development essay

purchase custom Career Development exposition Human asset the executives assumes a center job in advancing the presentation of an association or business. Directors included are entrusted with creating techniques that target utilizing accessible HR to acknowledge great outcomes monetarily. Thusly, their endeavors increase the positive effect inside the business condition and society. It is in this way, notable that human asset directors progress in the direction of recognizing the necessities of an association, employing the right individuals and overseeing them in the most fitting manner. Beside this, the human asset the executives directs profession advancement forms for its workers to outfit them with outfitted aptitudes for better execution and address changing issues of the association (Strandberg, 2009). How do human asset directors accomplish this? One of these ways is the formation of elective vocation ways for representatives. This consolidates the abilities of workers with what they want to do or turn into. As it were, supervisors proceed to find the energy and dreams of its workers so as to address their necessities (Strandberg, 2009). By so doing, workers can have an uplifting demeanor towards their employments. As a feature of profession improvement, human asset chiefs likewise take part in broadly educating of representatives. This includes showing representatives new aptitudes that fall outside of their activity necessities, which permits laborers to perform different obligations at whatever point the need emerges. Furthermore, work revolution makes open doors for representatives to do various employments inside a similar association to acknowledge set objectives and destinations. Different manners by which human asset chiefs help workers to build up their professions incorporate vocation training, flextime,job developm ent, work advancement, work sharing, and staged retirement among others (Strandberg, 2009). Thinking about my vocation improvement, I see myself in a higher administration position in five years to come. This is best on the responsibility of the organization to enable representatives through various projects of vocation advancement. The most ideal approach to be aided vocation improvement is by knowing individual profession openings and prescribed ways prompting such goals. Through preparing, directing and different techniques referenced above, it is conceivable to understand one's sensible vocation advancement. With current vocation improvement openings, I accept that they will be adequate for my requirements. Purchase custom Career Development exposition

Louis XIVs Similarities to Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- essays r

Louis XIV was conceived on September 5, 1638, and administered as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his passing at 76 years old. He assumed control over the position of royalty a couple of months before his fifth birthday celebration, however didn't really expect genuine control of the legislature until his First Minister, Jules Cardinal Mazarin, kicked the bucket in 1661. He was to become King of France after his dad, Louis XIII, kicked the bucket of tuberculosis. He accomplished the job of lord by methods for innate government, which is one of the approaches to turn into a ruler, as expressed by Machiavelli. Louis XIV is known as 'The Sun King' and furthermore known as 'Louis the Great.' He controlled over France for seventy-two years, which is the longest rule of any French or some other significant European ruler and expanded the force and impact of France in Europe, by battling three significant wars. These wars are known as the Franco-Dutch War, the War of t he League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Under Louis XIV, France accomplished political and military pre-greatness, and furthermore accomplished social strength with different social figures. He attempted to effectively make an absolutist and unified state. The manner in which Louis XIV administered over France was not exactly the manner in which his dad dominated. Louis XIV was considered to have rowdy honorability. Louis XIV was additionally during the time spent fortifying the customary Gallicanism, which is a convention restricting the authority of the Pope in France. Likewise, Louis XIV started to reduce the intensity of the respectability and church. He accomplished incredible power throughout the subsequent domain (respectability) in France by basically connecting a great part of the higher honorability to his range at his royal residence at Versailles, which expected them to go through the vast majority of the year under his nearby watch rather than in th... ...urope started to impersonate France in all things. French settlements abroad were increasing in the Americas, Asia and Africa, while conciliatory relations had been started with nations as distant as Siam and Persia. Louis XIV kicked the bucket on September 1, 1715 of gangrene, just a couple of days before his seventy-seventh birthday celebration. His rule went on for a long time, which made this the longest reign in the written history of Europe. Practically all of Louis XIV's kids kicked the bucket during adolescence. The just one to make due to adulthood, his oldest child, Louis, Dauphin de Viennois, kicked the bucket four years before his dad in 1711, and left three youngsters. In this manner, Louis XIV's five-year-old incredible grandson Louis, Duc d'Anjou, the more youthful child of the Duc de Bourgogne and Dauphin upon the passing of his granddad, father and senior sibling, prevailing to the position of royalty and was to rule as Louis XV of France.

Obesity versus Nursing - 1129 Words

â€Å"Obesity vs Nursing† As defined by the World Health Organization, obesity is â€Å"an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. a BMI greater than or equal to 25 is overweight and a BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity†. Being obese or overweight is especially common in the US and is increasing nationally and globally. As per The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (OJIN), recent studies show over 67% with BMI greater than 25 and Americans between the ages 26 - 75 are 10% to 40% morbidly obese with BMI greater than 30. Excess weight greater than the ideal body weight is a danger to one’s health. Obesity is one of the major risk factors for many diseases such as, Metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory compromise, intra-abdominal pressures, skin conditions and mental illness and last but not least, some cancers. As a nurse, anticipating obesity-related issues will only increase and nursing care plans will have to adjust as this epi demic continues. This epidemic can and will affect the goal of Interdisciplinary Team Health Care members in providing Holistic Care in an individual who is obese. Per OJIN, expected obesity-related issues are as those such as â€Å"skin, pulmonary, resuscitation, drug absorption, intravenous access, and mobility†. The above described anticipated issues impact the nursing profession and it’s administration of holistic care because of unexpected events or lack of knowledge caring for these issues.Show MoreRelatedRole Of Policy On Health Care Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesburdens, and improve program integrity, yet many remain stubbornly in place through unwillingness at the federal levels limit the boundaries between silos, or to examine the costs versus benefits of excessive program oversight. Fyffe, T. (2009). Nursing is shaping and influencing health and social care policy. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(6), 698. Having the knowledge of the relationship between health and social care policy and health and social care is a critical issue for all healthcare professionalsRead MoreChildhood Obesity Has Been A Popular Topic Of Conversation859 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity has been a popular topic of conversation in the United States for the last decade. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) about 12.7 million children and adolescents are considered obese, representing approximately 17% of the total childhood population. Sadly in a small community in upstate South Carolina (SC), this statistic is well demonstrated. Defined Community The objective of this exercise is to affect change withinRead MoreCulture And Spanish Culture1114 Words   |  5 Pagestowards women that exists in Spain does not happen in the United States. The Americans have an open society calls for equality for both men and women. Unlike the Spanish foods, the American foods are full of fats and proteins, which is the reason for obesity among the population (Bernardo, Amà ©rigo, Garcà ­a, 2017). Question Two One of the employed workers I came across was a stonemasonry who has been working in this area for the last 15 years. A stonemason builds and repairs tone structures such asRead MoreHow Healthcare Has Changed and Where it Is Going1285 Words   |  5 Pagesmost common reasons for medical errors, and the growing nursing shortage remains a problem. Even though the recession has driven more young undergraduates and midlife career-changers to seek out nursing, the ability of nursing schools to educate nurses, as they are understaffed as well, is yet another challenge facing healthcare institutions today. US nursing schools turned away 75,587 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2011 due to insufficient number of facultyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Modern Day Health Issue Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is a modern day health issue that has received a lot of attention in recent years. Despite the issue’s well-acknowledged morb idities, the rates of childhood obesity continue to climb (Hawkins, 2015, p. 4). Health care professionals, community leaders, government agencies, and parents have become concerned that today’s obese children will turn into tomorrow’s obese adults with the burdens correlated with obesity, including chronic illness and healthcare costs. In response to theRead MoreHealth Promotion in Hispanics971 Words   |  4 Pageswork is more plentiful. This necessity to work often supersedes the necessity for many families to focus on advanced education and also often causes them to often ignore otherwise potentially serious health problems. A higher percentage of Hispanics versus whites and non-Hispanics are employed in high risk occupations, which also likely contributes to the fact that unintentional injuries is the third highest cause of death amongst the Hispanic population. Within the Hispanic culture, health promotionRead More Obesity and Diabetes in Young Children Essay2398 Words   |  10 PagesObesity is medical condition where excess body fat accumulates to an extent that it becomes harmful to the body. Medical practitioners consider obesity a chronic and life-long disease like diabetes and high blood pressure. The disease has long-term effects for health. In fact, it is the second leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States of America. Obesity affects both adults and children but it is more chronic to young children. This paper will look at the analysis of diabetes in youngRead MoreDiscussion Regarding Alli1563 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a worldwide epidemic and serious chronic disease state that plagues all ages and races. Globally 1.7% of people are classified as obese, with body mass indexes (BMI) of 30 or higher (Sonnenberg, Matfin, amp; Reinhardt, 2007). According to Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, and Curtin (2010) 35% of men a nd 35.5% of women in the United States (U.S.) are obese. The prevalence of childhood obesity is steadily climbing each year with the ensuing repercussions of adult disease states now being diagnosedRead MoreThe Ideal Method For Feeding Babies1532 Words   |  7 PagesDisease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity 4). While breastfeeding is proven to reduce the risk of diarrhea, pneumonia, obesity, type-II diabetes, and improve results on intelligence tests (World Health Organization) many new moms abandon their goals of feeding babies for the recommended 2 years (World Health Organization) because of the discrimination received while nursing in public. Being viewed as a life choice, not a health choice, the general publicRead MoreThe Master s Degree : Why It Is Needed848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Master’s Degree in Nursing: Why It Is Needed As a child grows its needs change and its social environment adapts to respond to those needs; contrastingly, as a system grows it must change and adapt to adequately respond to the needs of its users. The ever-present quality of the human society to undergo transformation and expansion entails that the underlying systems upholding its effective functioning must parallel educational, technological and social advancements in order to avoid

The Life Of Marguerite Johnson - 963 Words

Marguerite Johnson later known as Maya Angelou was born on April 4th, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. Marguerite Johnson was raised in St. Louis, Missouri as well as Stamps, Arkansas. According to her website, Stamps at the time that she was raised, was the frontier of the South During the 1930s and 1940s when Johnson was growing up, Stamps ran rampant with racial discrimination and physical brutality. Marguerite was raised by her grandmother from 4 years old to 8 years old. Johnson came to live with her grandmother after her parents rocky marriage came to an end with a divorce. Her time with her grandmother was seen as a good part of her life but when her father came back into her life, everything that once was fine became bad. After Johnson’s father returned, she was sent to live with her mother. Marguerite’s mother had gotten a new lover named Freeman, while she was gone. Freeman was not a good man due to him sexually and physically abusing her. Johnson stayed silent ab out the abused but when she finally told someone about the abuse, it backfired on her due to the news spreading. Maya’s mother’s lover ended up getting in trouble for the pain he caused her. After going to trial for the abuse, he went to jail for an extremely short time. Upon being released, Freeman, was murdered. There is speculation that he was murdered by Maya’s uncles. Her abuse was one of the many events in her life that shaped into the person she was and the type of writer she grew to be. Dr. MayaShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Marguerite Johnson1011 Words   |  5 PagesMarguerite Johnson was known for many different attributes in her life. She was a poem writer , writer of stories , producer , director , actor and many more different things that gave her the opportunity in life to be as a known legend. Born in St. Louis, Missouri on April 4,1928 to her parents Bailey Johnson and Vivian Baxter Johnson. This was just the beginning on her adventurous lifest yle. Her parents had come upon an agreement to part their separate ways in life. When deciding this they alsoRead MoreReview Of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1553 Words   |  7 PagesMarguerite’s Fight Against Adversity As the late great William Arthur Ward would state â€Å"Adversity causes some men to break, others to break records† (Ward). Throughout the novel â€Å"I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings† by: Maya Angelou, she illustrates Marguerite combating society from a disadvantaged position. Set in the United States during the time of racism and segregation towards the black community, the novel displays the contrast in Maya’s upbringing in Stamps, St. Louis to San Francisco and her constantlyRead More I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesof these issues was probably the fact that Maya lived in the highly segregated south. Another factor of her imprisonment was because Maya, also known as Marguerite, was a social outcast, with very few friends other then relatives. Finally, the main character was entrapped because of her unusual sexual exposure. Over all, the highly segregated life she led, her exclusion socially, and her sexual experience caught Ms. Angelou. At the time, racism was predominate amongst southern citizens, this causedRead More I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay511 Words   |  3 Pagescharacter Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite throughRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only wa s Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. She was a womanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Mother Of Maya 1475 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 1: 1. Marguerite Johnson: Marguerite changed her name to Maya Angelou. Maya is the main character and the story is told from her point of view as this is an autobiography. She is a very intelligent girl, though she often isolates herself and escapes into reading. Maya soon becomes an independent and wise woman. Bailey Johnson Jr. : Bailey is the older brother of Maya. He is older by a year. He is mature and intelligent like Maya. He tends to be protective and shows compassionRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Indian Education 1330 Words   |  6 Pagesby Maya Angelou about a young woman named Marguerite Johnson who was proud of her background being â€Å"Negro† even if it included some unfairness. Throughout history discrimination against one because of their background has led to many disagreements and act of violence for fairness. Not only discriminated, some have a set epitome of what they should be to fit in. No matter the discrimination, background is something to be proud of, which Junior and Marguerite were. In â€Å"Indian Education†, Junior wentRead MoreMaya Angelou884 Words   |  4 PagesAngelou, her â€Å"dirty like mud† skin was a reason not only for her timid attitude, but for the oppression she faced by white people. More so, the use of similes and metaphors also display to the audience how skin colour was a focal point of Angelou’s life in the way she felt connected to her family, but isolated from all others. Angelou’s main purpose for writing this piece was to show that despite how society believed her skin colour was a shortcoming, her individuality became a symbol of strengthRead MoreA Brief Biography of Maya Angelou746 Words   |  3 PagesMaya Angelou born April 4, 1928 is an American author and poet. She was born with the name Marguerite Ann Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents were Bailey Johnson, doorman and a navy dietitian and Vivian Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. When Angleous older brother, Bailey Jr. was four and Angelou was 3 years old their mother and fathers marriage ended and the children were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Even though it was during the Great Depression and WorldRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pages Maya Angelou was considered numerus things during her life she was an author, poet, actor, director, singer, dancer, writer and civil rights activist. She was considered one of the most renowned and influential voices of current views. She is one of the few recognisable civil rights activist working right beside Martin Luther Jr and many other leaders including presidents. Working in the Reagan and Bush ad ministry. She wrought a best-selling auto biography â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†. Trough-out

Information Centric Network And Developing Channel Coding...

CE301 – Initial Report Comparing Internet Routing Protocols Benjamin Richard Bajek 1201731 Computer Networks (3Yr) First supervisor – Dr Nikolas Thomos Secord supervisor – Dr Arsenla (Ersi) Chorti Contents: Project Overview 3 Background Reading 3-5 Information-Centric Network 3- Introduction 3 Information-Centric Network Components 3-4 ICN Naming scheme 3 ICN Routing and Forwarding 3-4 ICN Caching 4 Information-Centric Network Approaches 4 Network of information (NetInf) 4 Named Data Networking (NDN) 4 Publish-Subscribe Architecture 4 Summary of Different ICN Approaches 5 Channel Coding 5 References 6 Project Goals†¦show more content†¦The current solution as TCP/IP becomes inefficient and subjects to certain problems. An example of this, to search for content, the content must be mapped to a host, and then DNS translates the host name to the location i.e. IP address. The two-step mapping incurs access overhead. Security is an issue since the security coupled to the host. The host becomes a target for security attacks. Also IP is stateless so they cannot be caching capability; the same request would be made times, this lead to unnecessary bandwidth usage. This prompted the research into move the architecture from a host-centric to information-centric. Information-Centric Network Components ICN naming scheme Information unit in ICN is called Named Data Object (NDO). This can be any type of content. This contents location- independent identifier (name), data, and possibly a metadata. NDO can be identified by multiple names. Each ICN approached the design of the NDO differently. They are two commonly used schemes are flat and hierarchical naming. Most recent ICN allow hybrid naming. Hierarchical Naming – The format is similar to URL, enhances scalability since name prefix can be aggregated the same way as the URL, and more coherent to the existing IP networks. Also name is user-friendly; therefore it is easy to remember. Security vulnerability since the

Enhancing Relevance of Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Enhancing Relevance of Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction There are numerous methods for offering rewards to employees for their good performance such as bonus schemes implemented in the firm. Bonus schemes are usually an essential tool for organizations and firms that wish to have an increase in their productivity, motivate their employees and retain them as well by rewarding exceptional performance and contribution to the company or organization (Moynihan, 2010). However, the results on the intended system may filter away from its purpose leading them to be ineffective and exploitable becoming counterproductive (Need,2006). Powerful financial motivation may elude the employee moral behavior in taking risky routes to benefit from these bonus schemes. This further indicates that there still remains a key factor in many organizations on the quality and transparency of their bonus schemes, this will be analyzed and discussed by studying Ceras bonus scheme ,identifying the problems and solutions to those problems determining if the bonus schem e should be scrapped or not. Ceras bonus scheme The bonus scheme introduced in Cera was intended to reward performance of employee branched under their system of monitoring performance based on an individual level. Through the dialogue between the high-ranking members of the firm it is clear that there are mixed reactions among the members. The following are problems related to the Ceras bonus scheme link between performance results and reward Performance management is a consistent procedure of evaluating and measuring the performance of an individual and adjusting it to the organizational goals (Armstrong and Baron, 2005). When the link between performance results and reward is weak performance, management becomes absolute. Rachel points out there incentives system is not cutting the mustard as it is supposed to. She further illustrates how poor the rewarding criteria is ,due to the connection with performance management .This could solved by aligning each employees tasks with the companies objectives and classifying these objectives on a period basis. When each task objective is accomplished, the employee has a reward or identified for that task. This increases the employees morale creating a good and beneficial working environment, which will reflect on the companys short term and long-term objectives (Moynihan, 2010). Ceras bonus scheme is mostly based on profitability The bonus scheme in the firm is a profit-based system where the profits are shared between the employees. This could be problematic since it could cause frustrations when there are no profits or losses while performance of deserving employees is up to track. The could be solved by changing the rewarding methods to un-entirely based on monetary schemes .It maybe interchanged on a semiannual basis. a security measure could be implemented to safe guard the system from losses or inconveniences that may arise (Aguinis and Pierce, 2008) Access to bonus payments is uneven The uneven bonus payment is illustrated when many departments had a hard time generating revenue or keeping under the specified budget. This resulted in areas like Rachels and susumus whose best performers got little bonuses while other departments top performers got a better package deal than they deserved. A positive aspect could solve this and restructuring the bonus schemes by dividing the bonuses to all departments equally and top performers get equal share (Aguinis, 2009). Administration of bonuses in relation to expectations As one of the members illustrated that the employees are paid is not proportional to their expectations. They pay less and expect more output. This could be in fact a crucial problem in the system where employees have a sense of being overworked; in most cases this tends result in employees findings shortcuts in getting their bonuses illegally (Boselie and Boon,2005). The company could suffer increased loses or face charges from its clients. This could easily be solved by aligning the bonus directly with their expectations and goals while including transparency and dialogue between the employee and the employer. Conclusion A good and well designed bonus scheme is essential in increasing the productivity of the employees within the company, however cases of inconveniences must be addressed preventing the bonus scheme should not be absolute .The Ceras bonus scheme is fairly implemented with a few issues here and there that need to be addressed so as to attain a perfect bonus scheme .Thiswill address employee needsand loopeholes within while still accomplishing the firms objectives rather than scrapping it away. Reference Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Aguinis, H., Pierce, C. A. (2008). Enhancing the relevance of organizational behavior by embracing performance management research.Journal of Organizational Behavior,29(1), 139-145. Need, W. C. D. H. P. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K. (2010). The big question for performance management: Why do managers use performance information?.Journal of public administration research and theory, muq004. Paauwe, J., Boselie, P. (2005). HRM and performance: what next?.Human Resource Management Journal,15(4), 68-83. Armstrong, M., Baron, A. (2005).Managing performance: performance management in action. CIPD publishing. Boselie, P., Dietz, G., Boon, C. (2005). Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance research.Human resource management journal,15(3), 67-94.

Wikis as an Educational Tool

Introduction of the Concept of Wiki A wiki is a website that runs on wiki software that offers a simple mark-up language editing functionality or to as what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Wiki is a collection of webpages that are interlinked and are editable by a person viewing the webpage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wikis as an Educational Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wikis serve as the humblest content management systems that allow collaborative work. As a content management system, the wiki software provides a template for the layout of each page that make up the wiki (Brian, n.d.). How do Wikis Allow Users to Place Content on the Web The simplicity of a wiki lies in the what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) mark-up language that allows anybody with or without the knowledge of computer programing language and with a basic literacy of computers and the internet to e dit a page or create a new page on the wiki. Editing and creation of new pages occurs in real time and changes are noticeable immediately on the wiki. The real-time feature and ease of editing makes wikis great collaboration tools. The wiki software that manages how content appears on the wiki offers a rigid input structure that ensures all content added to the wiki appear in the same manner on the whole wiki. A person editing the wiki can only type in, insert hyperlinks and to some extent can upload facility for multimedia content is availed. People who wish to edit wikis need to log into the site (Brian, n.d.). Wide Range of Topics found on Wikipedia Wikipedia is currently the most popular wiki in the world. It offers about eight million pages that have been interlinked and are editable by anyone who can access the wiki. According to Wikipedia (n.d.), the site offers 18 million articles that are a product of voluntary collaboration. The English version of the wiki has over 3.6 mil lion articles. As of 2008, Wikipedia had covered the following subjects: culture and the arts, biographies and persons, geography and places, society and social sciences, history and events, natural and the physical sciences, technology and the applied sciences, religions and belief systems, health, mathematics and logic, thought and philosophy (Wikipedia, n.d.).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of Wiki as Training or Learning tool The collaborative nature of wiki makes it more of a way of working rather than a tool because the density of the collaboration defines the wiki. Wikis offer subject specific repositories and provide a real opportunity for increasing knowledge distribution on a given topic because of the wiki’s ease of deployment across the internet (Smith, n.d.) There are several approaches of using wikis in the teaching or learning process. The most comm on is the cooperative or collaborative paradigm where students form heterogeneous groups that maintain and facilitate individual learning. The main advantage of the setting is that it nourishes a positive interdependence among the group members while enhancing the individual accountability and appropriate development and use of collaborative skills (Parker Chao, 2007). Wikis facilitate computer-supported collaboration and this is extendable to the learning process. The wiki serves as a knowledge platform on which members of a collaborating community share interesting work together and discuss issues that concern the common work among them (Parker Chao, 2007). Since wikis meet the requirements of any successful community of practice, they provide the best means of collaborative work. Students can use wikis to conduct group discussions with their fellow students or collaborate on class assignments for student groups. Secondly, there is the constructivist paradigm that view knowledge and meaning as a construction rather than a natural occurrence. This approach emphasizes on the learner interaction to be active and manipulative, constructive and reflective, authentic, challenging and conversational as well as meet real world cooperative and collaborative expectations. To fit into this category of learning tools, wikis allow learners to be explicit in their reflection of the learnt material. In addition, wikis offers rich and flexible functionality that transcends the minimal technological barriers presented. Given that people learn by social and communal activities, wikis assist to enact knowledge when used educationally because they provide a community-focused approach (Parker Chao, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wikis as an Educational Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other than group collaborations, wikis allow a dyadic collaboration of teacher and student on a give n topic because of its real-time editing structure. Such collaboration is achievable in form of writing articles and irrespective of the geographical location of the participants (Parker Chao, 2007). The open nature of wikis broadens their use depending on the imagination of the user. Current popular forms of educational wiki are single user wikis for personal collection and editing of thoughts, lab book wikis for students to keep notes online for peer reviewing, collaborative writing wikis for joint writing and knowledge base wikis for providing a knowledge repository (Smith, n.d.). Educational areas that best adapt to use of wiki are project-based learning that rely on wikis for project planning and documentations. Secondly, online education uses wikis to disseminate information to allow group discussions of geographically distant students as well as form knowledge repositories for online classes. The final benefit of wiki in education is the ability to freeze them by making them private so that information contained in them cannot be edited thus creating a knowledge artifact (Parker Chao, 2007). References Brian, M. (n.d.). How wikis work. Retrieved from how stuff works: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/wiki1.htm Parker, K. R., Chao, J. T. (2007). Wiki as a Teaching tool. (A. Koohang, Ed.) Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects, 3: 57-72. Smith, C. (n.d.). Wikis and Education. Retrieved from Shambles: http://www.shambles.net/pages/learning/ict/wikiedu/Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wikipedia. (n.d.). Wiki. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki This research paper on Wikis as an Educational Tool was written and submitted by user Yandel R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism The WritePass Journal

Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism Abstract Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism ). A key segment of the tourism sector that has gained increasing importance over the past few years is Special Interest Tourism (SIT). SIT has come to be recognized as a key contributor to this sector. According to estimates by Mintel (2002), over one-third of British consumers have either participated or engaged in a special interest holiday. Evidence by Shaw Williams (2002) has also shown that SIT is dominated by small businesses. Page et al. (1999) has further pointed out that small business are at the cornerstone of tourism development in local economies and that most travelers would come into SMTEs operating services. This raises a fundamental question: why does SIT appeal to small business enterprises? This paper seeks to address this question by exploring on SIT and SMTEs operations in the industry. The paper also details some of the management problems that might be facing such businesses during their early operations. Before exploring further, it is worthwhile defining the terms: Special interest tourism and Small Tourism Enterprises. Special interest tourism concept SIT has been given a varied set of definitions. Hall Weiler (1992) proposed that SIT occurs when the decision and motivation to travel are primarily determined by a particular special interest. Derrett (2001), Swarbrooke Horner (1999) and Douglas et al. (2001) expanded on this definition by characterizing SIT as a form of tourism: motivated by the desire to engage in new or existing interests undertaken for a distinct purpose or reason That is line with the principles of sustainability. In simple terms, Special Interest Tourism refers to the provision of customized tourism activities that cater for the needs and interests of individuals and groups. Ecotourism is a prime example of special interest tourism. For example, in Brazil, ecotourism has become very popular due to biological and scenic diversity. Ecotourism and special interest travel is experiencing a rapid growth in Brazil as the two major aspects of segmented tourism (MacDonald 2012). This new class of travelers has in the recent years transformed the tourism industry and changed the trend in tourism from the traditional holidays that characterized mass tourism to more specific prestige holidays (Poitevin 2012). Global warming has also given rise to a new niche in tourism. With the melting of icecaps and vanishing of coral reefs, a new nice tourism has developed (Climate tourists) whose primary motives to travel are driven by a special interest (Poitevin 2012). Antarctica Diving Expedition is a prime example of this particular special interest tourism package offer. This type of special interest tourism appeals mainly to tourists whose motives of travel are educational. The Antarctica Diving Expedition offer tourists with a unique opportunity of sightseeing above and below water insights into the white continent (Poitevin 2012). The Antarctica Diving experience also allows tourists to explore the subjective components such as the wildlife and the associated adventurous features. As noted by Trauer (2006), the growth of the SIT sector reflects the changing trend of tourism from the traditional mass tourism to one driven by specific interests. Its importance in the tourism market is evident by its remarkable growth in various countries. Studies by McKercher Chan (2005) have shown that 81% of US adults who travel are historic /cultural travelers. The number of SIT tourists has been found to be more than other tourists, with their stays even longer (Mackay et al. 2002). Small and Medium Tourist Enterprises (SMTEs) Having defined special interest tourism, it is equally important to understand what we mean by small business tourism enterprises. For the purpose of this analysis, we define SMTEs as comprising of all business in the tourism industry which are small by nature, owned and managed by sole operators and which employ up to 50 employees (Buhalis 1996). There is now an emerging consensus that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have an important role to play in the tourism industry. For example, in New Zealand, SMTEs play an important role of economic development, contributing to the social fabric of the local communities (MacDonald 2011). Similarly, the Australian tourism industry is dominated by small businesses that employ not more than 20 workers. 88% of the businesses in hospitality sector (restaurants, cafes and accommodations) comprise of the small businesses. Also, the cultural and recreational service sector in Australia is dominated by small businesses, with over 96% of the businesses comprising of the SMEs (Breen ). These small tourism businesses have a sizeable influence on tourism experience and the ability to offer personalized products to Niche markets (Macleod 2003). Why SIT appeal to small businesses Ecotourism and other special interest travels are known for their connection to nature. It is precisely this reason that special interest tourism appeal for many of the small business enterprises. Larger organizations are known to be profit driven, often have little regard to sustainability development. On the other hand, the very fact that SMTEs are small by nature and locally owned implies that they are more sustainable. With regards to this, small enterprises are viewed one of the vehicles through which sustainability issues can be spread in the STI sector. The focus on small-scale, environmentally sensitive and locally owned developments has led to the development of small business enterprises in the SIT sector. The priori assumption is that given their relatively small nature and local ownership, then SMTEs are viewed as contributing towards sustainable development. Whilst there is some indication in tourism literature that small business enterprises improve sectoral linkages, there seems to be no comprehensive mechanism for evaluating their contribution to sustainability objectives. Researches which expressly address this connection are noticeably lacking (Roberts Tribe 2008). The priori assumption is that by being small and locally owned, SMTEs are automatically more environmentally focused than the larger enterprises. This is not necessarily true and in fact, some authors have questioned this automatic conclusion. Hamzah (1997) argues that despite the growing demand for small-scale accommodation in Malaysia, these small scale developments have deteriorated into grotesque enclaves, adversely affecting marine life and ecosystems. Nonetheless, there are many positive examples where small tourism entities have proved to be environmentally benign such as in the Maho Bay Resort in the US (Roberts Tribe 2008). Market liberalization and other aspects of globalization also play a critical role. Globalization impacts and the increased market liberalization have provided small business entrepreneurs with opportunities to tap into the growing SIT sector. Large businesses enterprises have always ignored market niches. On the other hand, the small business enterprises have reaped the benefits of market niches by identifying customer needs and tailoring new niche products for potential future customer segments in the tourism industry (Peters Buhalis 2004). Niche markets provide SMTEs with an attractive opportunity to compete with the larger enterprises and to dominate the SIT sector. Their desire to tap the latent consumer demand in niche markets is what has led to their dominance in the SIT sector. In fact, Hall Weiler (1992) conceptualizes SIT as a predecessor of Niche Tourism. However, the choice to pursue a niche market does not necessarily imply the success of the business. Similar to other business decisions, this decision requires critical assessment. Whilst niche markets may provide opportunities to tap into new and untapped resources, it requires different management skills in order to ensure success. Small business enterprises are also more flexible and can react quickly to the changing market demands. Their typical flat hierarchy management structure provides them with the opportunity to make decisions faster and to react promptly to market changes (Peters Buhalis 2004). And given the rapid changes of the SIT sector, it is not surprising that the sector remains largely dominated by SMTEs. However, McKercher Chan (2005) have challenged the importance of the SIT sector as a potential growth sector for SMTEs. They argue that whilst tourists participate in a range of activities at a tourist destination, this rarely translates into strong commercial opportunities. They also point out that tourists who visit certain destinations of special interest may do so for secondary reasons. For example, tourists who visit museums may not necessarily be cultural tourists and their visits could only be part of their wider tour. Although these arguments may have some relevance, there is need for further research to be done to confirm their assumptions. Challenges facing small business in early operations Indeed we have identified the vital role played by SMTEs in the tourism sector. We’ve also identified the reasons why the SIT sector is dominated by the SMTEs. Equally important to highlight are the challenges that these small business face in their early operations. Whilst, SMEs play a critical role in the growth of the SIT sector, it should be noted that they are more vulnerable to failure especially during their early years of operation. According to a study by Buhalis (2011), 40% of SMTEs fail within the first 3 years and close to 60% over the 10 year period. Despite their unmatched abilities to stimulate the growth of the tourism industry through rapid injection of cash into the sector, SMTEs are often typified by a lack of management expertise and strategic vision (Buhalis 1996). Their inability to utilize managerial tools to address their strategic problems is their major weakness. A key characteristic of SMTEs is their informal organizational structure. SMTEs operate informal organizational structures, wherein both the management and operations are run by the family of the proprietors. As such, family principles usually prevail over business practices, thereby causing managerial problems.   The lack of management expertise in SMTEs inevitably originates erratic production and delivery procedures which may impact negatively on customer satisfaction and jeopardize the image of the business (Buhalis 1996). With such informal organizational structures, irrational decisions may be made which may adversely affect the business. Marketing is yet another point of weakness. Not only are SMTES usually unaware of the marketing tools and techniques but are also product oriented, failing to understand the changing consumer needs. The lack of marketing research debilitates their knowledge of the changing needs of consumers and prevents them from improving their services (Buhalis 1996). Further, promotional activities of small businesses are usually ill-targeted, inconsistent and uncoordinated (Poitevin 2012). Most SMTEs thus tend to rely upon tourism intermediaries to promote their offerings. Their dependence on these intermediaries limits their control over their businesses. For example, European tour operators control accessibility to tourism destinations, especially given that they own most of the airlines. As such, intermediaries tend to reduce the bargaining power of SMTEs within the distribution channel (Buhalis 1996). Further, these weaknesses are magnified by the fact that most SMTEs are illiterate in IT, hence are not able to take advantage of opportunities in the emerging electronic markets. The illiteracy of SMTEs in IT can be seen with their under-representation in most computer reservation systems and global distribution systems (Buhalis et al. 2011). Their illiteracy prevents them from benefiting from emerging electronic markets and this ultimately endangers their competitiveness and market share. Perhaps the greatest weakness with SMTEs is their deficiency in managing the human resources. The small size and the seasonal nature of problems experienced by SMTEs provide little opportunities for employing professionals, offering staff training and competitive salaries (Poitevin 2012). As such, most of the SMTEs would tend to rely mostly on personal skills and staff enthusiasm and thus face competitive disadvantages over the larger enterprises which have all the required resources for employing proficient personnel. In light of these management problems, there are political issues that also come into play and which cannot be ignored. Despite the growth in demand of special interest tourism, it is striking to note that SMTEs have not been accorded the necessary support from the government. For example, a UK study by Simpson Docherty (2004) identified distrust of government agencies as impacting on a large number of SMTEs. Governments have a critical role to play in order to support SMTEs. As Elliot (1997) suggests, government is a marker of economic influence and plays a mandatory role as regulators in the market. Page (2003) further points out that governments should help SMTEs enhance their competitiveness through stimulation of new ideas and innovations, and by providing them with support and assistance at a fledgling stage. The reality however is quite the opposite. For example, in the UK, SMTEs are poorly treated. Whilst the UK government is pinning all its hopes on SMTEs and entrepreneurs to pull the local economy away from a double-dip recession, it is striking to note that these small businesses are poorly treated. Almost every year, SMTEs are overcharged by  £3.6bn for basic products and services, compared to what the larger enterprises are charged (Poetvin 2012). Robert Tribe (2008) further notes that in many special interest tourism destinations, little is known about the critical role played by SMTEs in the sustainability progress. In addition, SMTEs are generally politically weak, lacking a strong lobbying voice for protecting their interests (Poetvin 2012). Clearly, the challenges facing SMTEs are enormous. With the tourism sector growing more professional and given increased emphasis on quality management; SMTEs typical lack of a strategic vision, management and business expertise and their illiteracy in IT may become a liability to these businesses (Buhalis 1996). This necessitates the need for more strategic management schemes for SMTEs, strengthening their political voice and government support. Conclusion It is clear that the past few years have seen the growth of Special Interest Tourism. Over one-third of British consumers have either participated or engaged in a special interest holiday. A key feature of the SIT sector is the dominance of small business enterprises. The SIT sector has appealed to these businesses for a number of reasons. First, the focus on small-scale, environmentally sensitive and locally owned developments has led to the development of small business enterprises in the SIT sector. Second, small business have targeted market niches, identifying customer needs and tailoring new niche products for potential future customer segments. On the other hand, the large business enterprises have always ignored market niches. And thirdly, SMTEs are more flexible than large organizations and thus can react quickly to changing market demands.   However, a recent study by McKercher Chan (2005) has argued that whilst tourists may participate in a range of activities at a special interest tourist destination, this rarely translates to strong commercial opportunities. These assumptions are yet to be confirmed. SMTEs face a range of management challenges especially in their early operations. SMTEs typical lack of a strategic vision, management and business expertise and their illiteracy in IT are a major hindrance to their success. There is need to have in place strategic management schemes for SMTEs, establish a strong lobbying voice and government support. Nonetheless, SMTEs remain the cornerstone of tourism development. With tourists evolving toward seeking individualized and unique experienced as opposed to the traditional mass holidays, Special Interest Tourism will continue to gain more prominence. Reference Ali-Knight, J.M., 2011. The role of niche tourism products in destination development. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers, pp. 1-14. Breen, J., Bergin-Seers, S., Jago, L. and Carlsen, J., 2005. Small and medium tourism enterprises: the identification of good practice. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. Buhalis, 1996. ‘Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium sized tourism enterprises’. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol.6 (1) Buhalis, D., Leung, D. and Law, R., 2011. Etourism: critical information and communication technologies for tourism destinations. CAB International Cooper, C.   and Sheperd, R. 1996. Educating the educators in tourism. 1st ed. Surey: World Tourism Council. Derret, R., 2001. ‘Special interest tourism: starting with the individual’. In: Douglas, N. and Derett, R (eds) Special Interest Tourism. Australia: Wiley. Douglas, N., Douglas, N. and Derrett, R., 2001. Special Interest Tourism. Sydney: John Wiley Sons. Elliot, J., 1997. Tourism: Politics and Public Sector Management. London: Routledge. Hall, C.M. and Weiler, B., 1992. Special-interest tourism. Canada: John Wiley Sons Hamzah, A., 1997. ‘The evolution of small-scale tourism in Malaysia: Problems, opportunities and implications for sustainability’. In M.J. Stabler (ed.) Tourism Sustainability – Principles to Practice. Oxon: CAB International.acKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L, and Vogt, C.A., 2002. ‘Understanding vacationing motorist niche markets’. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), pp. 356-363. Macleod, D.V.L. (Ed.), 2003. Niche tourism in Question Interdisciplinary perspectives on problems and possibilities. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, Crichton publication. McKercher, B., and Chan, A., 2005. ‘How special is special interest tourism?’ Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), pp. 21-31. Mintel, 2002. Special Interest Holidays, Leisure Intelligence. Page, J., 2001. Tourism- a modern synthesis. 1st ed. London: Thompson Publishers. Page, S.J., 2003. Tourism Management Managing for change. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Peters, M. and Buhalis, D., 2004. Family hotel businesses: strategic planning and the need for education and training. England, UK: University of Surrey Poitevin, M., 2012. Following Antarctics tourism product: the general management challenges and issues facing small tourism enterprises (STEs). [viewed on 22nd July 2013] available from http://interestmeonit.weebly.com/1/post/2012/7/following-antarctics-tourism-product-the-general-management-challenges-and-issues-facing-small-tourism-enterprises-stes.html Roberts, S. and Tribe, J., 2008. Sustainability indicators for small tourism enterprises an exploratory perspective. University of Surrey, UK, Taylor Francis publishers. Shaw, G. and William, A., 2002: Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective. 2nd Edition. England: Blackwell Publishing. Simpson, M., and Docherty, A. J., 2004. ‘E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs’. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11, 315-328. Swarbrooke, J., and Horner, S., 1999. Consumer Behavior in Tourism. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. Trauer, B., 2006. ‘Conceptualizing special interest tourism frameworks for analysis’. Tourism Management, 27(2), pp. 183-200. World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC), 2012. Tourism in the UK contributes more to GDP than automotive manufacturing. [Viewed on 22nd July 2013] available from wttc.org/news-media/news-archive/2012/tourism-uk-contributes-more-gdp-automotive-manufacturing/

Popular Music, Social Practice and Cultural Politics Essay

Popular Music, Social Practice and Cultural Politics - Essay Example In fact the general feeling was that it was a passing phase. But this was not to be because Rap took a very serious turn in the late 1980’s when the â€Å"bubble gum† kind of rap evolved into the more serious kind of â€Å"Gangsta Rap†. From very humble beginnings, Gangsta rap made a huge name for itself and flooded the mainstream markets that generated not only huge profits but widespread popularity to the rapping artists as well as the labels that sold them. Popular rappers started writing harsh and edgy lyrics that celebrated street warfare, the use of drugs and also glorified promiscuity. They experienced place-based identity with LA deeming itself to be â€Å"fresh territory† with a high â€Å"novelty value and stories of gang conflict and police confrontations. The identity of the rapper was his hood which he used most of the time. Eithne Quinn, takes a long hard look at the genre of Gangsta rap and gives us a rich and insightful analysis in relation to contemporary culture. Quinn finds contradictory statements as she explores the ideologies, the intricacies and the culture of the Black working class. Nuthin But a "G" Thang shows how Gansta rap is not simply a pop culture fad but instead embodies profound shifts in American culture and everyday life." (S. Craig Watkins, author of Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema) Quinn enumerates that the social group involved in Gangsta Rap were the people who were considered to be in crisis and these included the black youth from poor homes who were all out to make money. On the other hand, a major part of the society in general and other public figures and proponents of respectable â€Å"family values† did not take well to the fast life-styles and blatantly charged lyrics which incited a lot of distaste and anger in them. Yet nothing much could be done about it and hence for the last thirty years,

Required to perform an Analysis of Variance using SPSS Essay

Required to perform an Analysis of Variance using SPSS - Essay Example The observed result is the level of sales in that locality in the fortnight following the appearance of the first advertisement. From the two way analysis of variance, it can be observed that the main effect length and media are significant. This is because the significant value of media is 0.000; the significant value of media is 0.0000 which are less than 0.05 level of confidence. This implies that there is significant difference in the main effects. The significant value of the interaction of main effect media and length is equal to 0.001 which is less than 0.05 level of confidence. This implies that there is significant difference in the interaction. The percentage of the value of sales volume accounted by the model is 78.4%. This is because that value of R-squared is equal to 0.784. From the mean comparison of the sales posted though the Tv or radio advertisement, it can be observed that the value of significant difference indicate that there is no significant difference in the mean sales of the given by either Tv or Radio. From the pairwise combination of medium and length, it can be observed that the combination of long length and radio form of advertisement give the least sales. This implies that the combination of advertisement of long length and radio is the one that cannot be used for

Australias Economic Objective of Resource Allocation Essay Example for Free

Australias Economic Objective of Resource Allocation Essay The objective of efficient resource allocation refers to an economys ability to meet its obligations in ensuring that all social and economic objectives are met without waste, for example to allocate resources so that they are distributed efficiently to improve the standard or living. This is the only way that we can ensure that we will be able to maximize the number of goods and services that we are able to provide. In addition, we will also be more likely to guarantee the long term availability of the resources that are currently available to us. The current target for efficiency target concerning labor is 1.5-2% per year or more. Thus, the economic objective of efficiency in resource allocation exists when our productive inputs are used to create the highest possible value of national output (ie GDP is at its highest level). In turn, having more GS available helps to ensure the maximum satisfaction of our societys needs and wants. In Economics, we distinguish between four different types of efficiency:1.Productive (or Technical) efficiency: Is about firms producing GS using the least-cost method and by minimizing the quantity of resources used. This is perhaps the easiest type of efficiency to understand. In this instance, we are interested in ensuring that any time we produce a good or service we are able to do so by using the smallest number of resources. If I use a tree to make four cricket bats, and you can produce five cricket bats from a tree of the same size, then your productive efficiency is better than mine. Another example is also sometimes a higher level of investment spending by firms on new equipment rather than simply employing more staff is the cheapest way to lift output per worker. 2.Allocative efficiency: ensures that resources are only used to make those particular types of GS that best satisfy societys needs and wants. That is, we want to produce those things most desired by the community first. This is a problem experienced by many of the worlds poorer countries,  especially those which suffer from poor governance. Corrupt leaders will often use a countries scarce resources to provide elaborate palaces, rather than ensuring that their people have access to clean drinking water. This is very poor allocative efficiency. 3.Dynamic efficiency: entails that firms are able to respond quickly to changing economic circumstances. To be dynamically efficient means that firms are aware of the changing circumstances, and they are able to adapt to meet those new needs and tastes of customers. For example, as technology has improved, many businesses have elected to adopt computers. This has involved buying the hardware, choosing the correct software and training the staff. In going through this process, the firm is demonstrating their dynamic efficiency. 4.Inter-temporal efficiency: means that there is a suitable balance between resources being allocated towards current consumption and saving that becomes available to finance future investment. Causes of efficiency of resource allocation:Cyclical changes in domestic economic activity resulting from changes in demand side conditions that affect efficiency in resource allocation. Supply side structural causes of changes in labor in lobular and capital productivity. Demand Side CYCLICAL FactorsIf levels of AD and EA slow leading to a recession (due to weak demand-side conditions like drops in business confidence/consumer), labor efficiency can suffer for at least 4 reasons. 1.Firms are reluctant to sack experienced staff during a slowdown of sales, as they hope that recovery is not far away and thus save them the cost of hiring and training new staff. This leads to over staffing which lowers the level of output per hour worked. 2.Prolonged or severe cyclical recessions in EA causes higher cyclical  unemployment as staff are cut in numbers, slowing down efficiency rates because more of labor resources are idle. 3.Business confidence about sales and profits, once down, can partly cause recession. This causes the firm to cut investment on new PE with new technology, consequently productivity slows. 4.Cyclical slowdown in domestic productivity sometimes follows trends in the level of EA and productivity overseas. Productivity also slows when there is an inflationary boom following cyclical rises in the level of domestic economic activity. This is true when the growth in AD exceeds the economoys productive capacity. Productivity may slow down in this situation. 1. Workers may not work as hard as they feel secure in the jobs when the economy is stretched to its capacity. Abseentisms can rise, along with strikes and industrial unrest, cutting efficiency. 2. When the economy is at its full capacity, there can be diminishing returns resulting from equipment breakdowns, labor shortages, leading to less efficient natural, labor and capital resources. 3. Rapid inflation can undermine business confidence, leading to reduced investment in new technology and equipment, slowing efficiency. 4. Investment used for expanding the business through plant equipment can be pumped into less productive or more speculative areas (eg real estate and stock market activities.) This is a mis allocation of resources that slows down productivity. So, when EA is weak due to reduced level of AD, productivity falls due to pessimism, reduced investment, unemployed resources, and labor hoarding. However, at the opposite extreme, excessively strong spending and EA means that productivity suffers from the above reasons. Productivity is likely to be maximized when AD and domestic EA are at ideal levels and demand side conditions are positive but are neither too weak nor too strong. Business Confidence Optimism of business (eg ^ consumer confidence, ^ household disposable incomes) has a cyclical impact on efficiency. This results in the business investing in new equipment with latest technology, leading to the worker having a greater value/amount of machinery to use in the production process than previously (capital deepening), thus raises theh level of GDP per hour worked. Interest Rates Higher business overdraft means that firms are more reluctant to borrow in order to purchase new, more efficient plant equipment due to increased repayments. Investment thus is reduced and productivity slows. Company Tax Rates Impacts the level of the firms investment spending. Reduced tax rates increased investment spending and better productivity. Supply Side Structural FactorsSupply factors are far more significant than demand factors when we are considering the impact that certain events will have on our ability to allocate our resources efficiently. If you think about this for a moment it is logical supply factors are those things that affect the ability and willingness of producers to supply a good or service at a given price. When the US economy experiences an increase in AG, we should see an increase in output without any pressure on productive capacity that may result in inflation. This is a sign that resources are being allocated more efficiently. As a result, we can conclude that any factor that will lead to an increase in aggregate supply will also lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. For example during the 1990s the Australian economy saw the introduction of technology on a larger scale. This improvement in capital assets, combined with the necessary support in the form of training for the workforce, resulted in significant improvements in productivity, showing that resources were allocated more efficiently. Climatic conditions Drought and below average rainfall (2002-03 06-07), floods, cyclones (coastal Northern QLD 2006) impacted efficiency in resource allocation because national output is reduced far more than the volume of inputs of labor or capital resources. Drought also had an impact in the efficiency in water, gas and electricity sectors that is, the same labor inputs have been used but less output has been produced. Sporting events (Before and After) Events like the Sydney Olympics (2000) and Melbs Commonwealth Games (06) may have helped in slowing productivity. Studies show during these events that worker efficiency fell perhaps due to distractions and telecasts and worker fatigue from watching TV replays at night. Changing rates of investment in new technology Investment spending on new PE like ICT and robotics occurs in waves or cycles, that is, speeds up or slows down. After the flurry of robotics, electronics and computer and internet based technologies in the mid-late 1990s, many recent innovations have been far less significant, tending to slow efficiency. However fairly recent spending on RD as a proportion of GDP from 1.51 to 1.78% b/w 200-1 and 2004-05 is a sign that US productivity will rise again. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.abs.gov.auMorris, Economics Down Under 2nd Edition

AleÅ¡ Hrdlička (March 29, 1869 - September 5, 1943) :: Essays Papers

AleÃ… ¡ HrdliÄ ka (March 29, 1869 - September 5, 1943) AleÃ… ¡ Ferdinand HrdliÄ ka was born to Maximilian and Karolina (Wajnerovà ¡ or Wagner) HrdliÄ ka on March 29, 1869, in Humpolec, Bohemia, which is now Czechoslovakia (Gillispie, 527). His father was a respected master cabinetmaker who owned his own shop. The oldest of seven children, HrdliÄ ka attended local schools and received private tutoring in Latin and Greek from Ludolfa PejÄ och, a Jesuit priest who was attracted by the boy’s abilities (James, 371). He left high school in 1882 at the tender age of fourteen, to emigrate with his father to New York City, where the other members of his family later joined them (James, 371). Once in America, HrdliÄ ka went to work with his father as a laborer in a cigar factory to help contribute to the family income. He attended the evening courses to learn English and to gain himself a high school equivalency diploma (Gillispie, 527). A serious attack of typhoid fever at the age of 19 altered the course of HrdliÄ ka’s life drastically. It is said that his attending physician, a trustee of the Eclectic Medical College in New York, became interested in HrdliÄ ka and persuaded him to undertake the study of medicine at the college. Graduating at the head of his class in 1892, he started a practice in New York’s Lower East Side. At the same time, to broaden his medical background, he began attending the New York Homeopathic Medical College, from which he graduated, again at the head of the class, in 1894 (James, 371). Shortly thereafter, he passed the Maryland State Medical Board (allopathic) examination, hoping to be able to join the staff of the John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, but he gave up this plan to accept an offer of a research internship in the new State Homeopathic Hospital for the Insane at Middletown, New York. It was while he was in this position that he became interested in the application of anthropometry to medicine. Through his autopsies and examinations of the patients, he became interested in whether physical characteristics and skeletal measurements might show systematic differences according to sex and type of insanity (James, 371). It was this interest which led to an invitation in 1896 to join a multidisciplinary research team being assembled by the histologist Ira Van Gieson (1866-1913) to staff the newly created Pathological Institute in New York City (Spencer, 503).

Quotes on 1984

Golden country â€Å"Presumably she could be trusted to find a safe place. In general you could not assume that you were much safer in the country than in London. There were no telescreens, of course, but there was always the danger of concealed microphones by which your voice might be picked up and recognized; besides, it was not easy to make a journey by yourself without attracting attention† An old, close-bitten pasture, with a footpath wandering across it and a molehill here and there.In the ragged hedge on the opposite side the boughs of the elm trees swayed just perceptibly in the breeze, and their leaves stirred faintly in dense masses like women's hair. Surely somewhere nearby, but out of sight, there must be a stream with green pools where dace were swimming? It was in the sun, they in the shade. It spread out its wings, fitted them carefully into place again, ducked its head for a moment, as though making a sort of obeisance to the sun, and then began to pour forth a torrent of song the rented roomWhat appealed to him about it was not so much its beauty as the air it seemed to possess of belonging to an age quite different from the present one. The soft, rain-watery glass was not like any glass that he had ever seen. The thing was doubly attractive because of its apparent uselessness, though he could guess that it must once have been intended as a paperweight. It was very heavy in his pocket, but fortunately it did not make much of a bulge. It was a queer thing, even a compromising thing, for a Party member to have in his possession. There was a small bookcase in the other corner, and Winston had already gravitated towards it.It contained nothing but rubbish. The old man was standing in front of a picture in a rosewood frame which hung on the other side of the fireplace, opposite the bed. Winston came across to examine the picture. It was steel engraving of an oval building with rectangular windows, and small tower in front. It seemed vaguely f amiliar. Winston wondered vaguely to what century the church belonged. It was always difficult to determine the age of a London building†¦. One could not learn history from architecture any more than one could learn it from books.Statues, inscriptions, memorial stones, the names of streets — anything that might throw light upon the past had been systematically altered. Winston lingered for some minutes more, talking to the old man, whose name was Charrington. All the while they were talking the half-remembered rhyme kept running through Winston's head. ‘Oranges and lemons say the bells of St Clement's, You owe me three farthings, say the bells of St Martin's! ‘ It was curious, but when you said it to yourself you had the illusion of actually hearing bells, the bells of a lost London that still existed somewhere or other, disguised and forgotten†¦ et so far as he could remember he had never in real life heard church bells ringing. He got away from Mr Char rington and went down the stairs alone. He had already made up his mind that after a suitable interval – a month, say – he would take the risk of visiting the shop again. Yes, he thought, he would come back. He would buy further scraps of beautiful rubbish. He would buy the engraving of St Clement Danes, take it out of its frame, and carry it home. He would drag the rest of that poem out of Mr Charrington's memory. Even the lunatic project of renting the room upstairs flashed momentarily through his mind again.

11 Different Types of Cells in the Human Body